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liquid metal embrittlement
Liquid metal embrittlement (also known as liquid metal induced embrittlement) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when tested in the presence of specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress, either externally applied or internally present, is needed to induce embrittlement. Exceptions to this rule have been observed, as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gallium.〔J. Huntington, ''Inst. Metals'', 11 (1914), 108〕 This phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Many of its phenomenological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain it.〔B. Joseph, M. Picat, and F. Barbier, ''Eur. Phys. J. AP'', 5 (1999), 19〕〔D.G. Kolman, "Environmentally Induced Cracking, Liquid Metal Embrittlement" in "ASM Handbook, Volume 13A, Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing and Protection", ASM International, Materials Park, OH, pp. 381-392 (2003).〕 The practical significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the observation that several steels experience ductility losses and cracking during hot dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication.〔M. H. Kamdar, Treatise on Material Science and Technology, Academic Press, Vol. 25 (1983), 361〕 Cracking can occur catastrophically and very high crack growth rates have been measured.〔D.G. Kolman and R. Chavarria, ''Journal of Testing and Evaluation'', 30, (2002) 452.〕
Liquid metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in the solid state, when one of the metals is brought close to its melting point; e.g. cadmium-coated parts operating at high temperature. This phenomenon is known as solid metal embrittlement.〔D.G. Kolman, "Environmentally Induced Cracking, Solid Metal Embrittlement" in "ASM Handbook, Volume 13A, Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing and Protection", ASM International, Materials Park, OH, pp. 393-397 (2003).〕
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